Sculpture is skill that can be learned but great sculpture is often a joint venture between learning and love.
I’ve been sculpting dolls for over three decades and have sufficient skill to get the shape I am thinking of out of my head, down my arm and into my fingers. Usually this is predictable in that you have a good idea of the end result but every now and then, as the shape appears, you fall in love with what you are making, the love seeps into and out of your fingers and you can actually see the love in the end result. Something is there which is more than a statement of the truth, more than an observation that tells us about what the artist can see that is not readily apparent in the object itself. You can actually see the love.
I have already introduced you to the horses on the Basilica San Marco in Venice. Scroll down to Rooftop Sketching if you missed them.
No one knows who sculpted these four horses, though they have been attributed to Polykleitos, the famous Greek sculptor active in the fifth century BC, but anyone can see how good they are and how much love has been put into them and, indeed comes out of them. They have personality and intent, and, were they not slightly larger than life size, you would just pick them up and cuddle them. There are four and it is generally accepted that they were originally, probably, pulling a chariot.
It is known that they were on the top of the starting gate of the Hippodrome in Constantinople. They were seized during the sack of Constantinople, which marked the end of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. As previously referenced here, the Venetians used their ships with siege towers built on them, to attack the strong defensive sea walls of Constantinople and make holes in them for the knights to crawl through. The Venetians and Crusaders, having got into the city, went on a wild rampage, seizing anything of value, including altars from churches, disassembled for the marble, pillars made of rare stones, and gem stones and anything made of gold, which was melted down to mint coins. Part of the plunder was a massive sculpture of Hercules by known and celebrated ancient sculptor Lysippus. This too was thrown into the melting pot.
It is a mystery how the horses escaped. Perhaps even the rampaging Crusaders and Venetian sailors could see how much love had been poured into these four bronze wonders. They took them from their mounting on top of the starting gate of the Hippodrome, the place of entertainment so famous its name lives on in ice rinks, theatres and cinemas to this day and they carted, or manhandled, the horses down to the sea, put them on ships and sailed for Venice.
They also took relics of body parts of St George and St John the Baptist. These joined the relics of St Mark, smuggled into Venice in 828 AD from Alexandria by merchants. The bits of St Mark ‘acquired’ an origin story about Mark having visited the area and been rescued from a storm in a lagoon, which rescue predicted his final resting place. His relics were subsequently lost, miraculously resurfacing following a rebuild of the basilica. A procession and prayers caused a holy odour to emanate from a pillar in which the relics were rediscovered. After their placement in the crypt in 1049 the story grew until the thirteenth century, by which time it was said that St Mark had thrust his arm through a pillar during a service. As you do when you’re dead.
The mediaeval preoccupation with the relics of saints is difficult to understand in this, more cynical age. A thousand years ago the possession of even a small bit of somebody very holy gave legitimacy to the possessor, regardless of how the relic had been acquired. Apart from any other consideration, relics brought pilgrims and pilgrims mean revenue. People in ancient times did not go on package holidays but they did go on pilgrimages and continued to do so for many centuries, Chaucer was still writing the Canterbury Tales when he died in 1400. We know by his tales that a pilgrimage, wasn’t very grim at all but a holiday in disguise, with the added bonus that traipsing around to see the finger bone of a saint, or similar, was absolutely bound to secure you a place in Heaven. It was a bit of a Two for One.
It is actually quite uplifting to see long dead parts of bodies, providing the owners of the bodies were sufficiently famous. Regular readers (hello again!) know how very pleased I was to spot Galileo’s actual finger in the Galileo museum last October.
I felt as if science had been vindicated.
Which may make you consider how little I know about science.
But I do know about art, or at least, I know what I like. (Art that looks like what it is meant to be.)
In the thirteenth century much of the building work on St Mark’s basilica was finished and the front of the building became a magnificent display case for many looted treasures. The horses finally galloped up to the balcony, having spent decades secreted in Arsenal, the industrial and shipbuilding area of the city.
They were there until Napoleon, also well-known lover of horses, nicked them. He put them on the Arc De Triomphe where they lived until 1815, when they were returned to Venice. They were removed for safety during the First World War and replaced in June 1918. They were removed again during the Second World War and stored in a monastery near Padua, returning in June 1946.
There they stayed until the late 1970s, when restoration work on them revealed the damage that acid rain was doing to them. Although they are bronze, in theory, bronze being an alloy of copper and tin, during the restoration it was discovered that there is mostly copper in the mix, which can be eroded by acid and actually be dissolved if oxygen is present, as it is in rain. The whole work is covered in gilt.
Like the rest of Venice, the Horses of St Marks (which are actually the horses of Napoleon, the horses of the Hippodrome and the horses of Polykleitos) are subject to picturesque decay. The originals have been removed from the façade and moved into the building on a high floor, which is actually much better because you can walk past them, standing nearly as close to them as you are to your screen now.
This enables you to see all the wonderful colours, occasioned by the centuries of weather.
They are silver, they are gold, they are rust, they are verdigris, they are bronze, they are grey, they are black. They fit perfectly with Venice. They stand on their special plinths, which I did not get a good look at.
I have drawn the horse identified as the horse on the extreme right as the copy stands on the balcony of the basilica. This is the one raising a hoof. Is it counting down to the OFF! Is it doing highly trained, very intelligent horse tricks? It certainly looks capable. It has the most beautiful face. It looks wise. I’m glad it’s indoors now. Two and a half millennia is long enough for anyone to be outdoors. It is just absolutely lovely that people on pilgrimages, or, even, package holidays, to Venice, can pay to visit it and bring revenue to the Basilica that will pay for the upkeep of the horses.
Actual horses in Venice were banned in the city after the fifteenth century, though they were gradually phased out from the thirteenth century. As I previously noted, the streets are, in some places less than six feet wide. The multiple bridges were being built by the twelfth century. I found them difficult to cross, only the sides have handrails, there are hand carts everywhere; if you added a horse to the pedestrianised chaos, the result could be dangerous. People in Venice have expected to be on Shanks’s pony, or in a boat, for eight hundred years, which could be why the locals are mainly slim with strong arms.
Which makes amazing buildings such as the Basilica San Marco even more amazing when you realise that all the amazements, having been nicked from all over the region, variously, have been taken to the Basilica by hand or on hand carts. The bas relief sculptures of religious scenes and scenes legitimising the thefts, are mainly from the thirteenth century, and have been sculpted beside the building and then hauled aloft. Manhandling massive blocks of stone, or huge stone pillars without a Hiab crane is an amazement in itself. We know they were good at making towers, but creating a building such as the Basilica or the Doge’s Palace, which is next door, with wooden towers and hand tools is really incredible.
The golden mosaics were begun in the eleventh century, tellingly by craftsmen from Constantinople (who should probably not have boasted about stuff they had at home.) By the twelfth and thirteenth centuries Venetian apprentices had got the knack and began to cover the inside and the outside with mosaics in glass and gold. These mosaics are utterly gorgeous. I may make drawings from some of my photos which I took inside the Basilica but the outside picture was drawn on two occasions as I sat outside of fabulous café Florian, on St. Mark’s Square Venice, accompanied by a musical quartet and an Aperol Spritz.
There is a large metal flagpole on the square but the rest is the Basilica. Art nicked from all over, work by foreign craftsmen, ancient statues; the glorious whole hovers over the square like a vision of Heaven. Top left in my picture you can see the mosaic of St. Mark being rescued from the lagoon. On the level below that you can see the horse copies. Below that are more mosaics telling the Christian story. Below that in serried ranks and going in and out of various doorways are the columns of rare and precious stones stolen from Byzantium and, in front of all of that, hundreds and hundreds of tourists.
From very early in its development, trade and the attraction of wealth has been the raison d’etre of Venice. Lacking royalty to inherit or appropriate, or need to be supported, the city evolved a council of the richest families, responsible for electing the Doge. The council had the power and used it to attract more money to the city. The beauties on which they spent it, elevated and legitimised the city state attracting more money from pilgrims and tourists.
Venice has been supporting building, the Catholic church, its own most serene republic and art for over eleven centuries, and doing it very well indeed.
Horses for courses, art for everyone. Wonderful.